From X11 (which runs side by side with Mac OS X’s native Aqua environment), you can run a host of graphical Unix programs—applications that haven’t been fully ported to Mac OS X—as well as. Advanced Mac users may have noticed that X11 is no longer bundled with OS X, and it’s also no longer available as a separate installation option through Developer Tools. Instead, to run X11 on OS X Mountain Lion (and later), you’ll want to download and install the free XQuartz system, which bundles all the necessary Read More.
Optimised to Take Full Advantage of Mac OS X’s Quartz & OpenGL Graphics
Apple today introduced X11 for Mac OS X that allows X11-based applications to run side-by-side with native Mac OS X applications on the same desktop and makes it even simpler to port X11-based applications to the Mac. Apple’s implementation of X11, the common windowing environment for UNIX operating systems, is easy to install and is optimised to take full advantage of Apple’s innovative Quartz graphics system to deliver hardware-accelerated 2D and 3D graphics for fast text scrolling, dynamic dragging and resizing of windows, and stunning 3D animation through OpenGL Direct Rendering.
“Apple has become the highest volume supplier of UNIX-based systems, and now with X11 for Mac OS X we’re making it even easier for UNIX pros to switch to the Mac”, said Philip Schiller, Apple’s senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing. “Mac OS X is really catching on with the UNIX community because of its standards-based approach, familiar tool sets and rich foundation for building modern applications”.
With a complete suite of the standard X11 display server software, clientlibraries and developer toolkits, X11 for Mac OS X makes it even simpler toport Linux and UNIX applications to the Mac. X11 for Mac OS X is easy to getup and running with a single download and install for both the displayserver and client libraries, and the optional X11 Software Developer Kit forMac OS X allows developers to build almost any X11R6.6 application with asimple recompile. X11 for Mac OS X is completely integrated with the Aquauser interface for seamless cut and paste between X11 and Mac OS Xapplications and full access to Aqua controls for zoom, close andminimisation to the Dock.
The public beta of X11 for Mac OS X is available immediately as a freedownload at www.apple.com/ie/macosx/x11. The final version of X11 for Mac OS X will be made available later in 2003.
X11 for Mac OS X requires Mac OS X version 10.2, a minimum of 256MB ofmemory and is designed to run on the following Apple products: eMac, iMac,iBook, Power Macintosh G3, Power Mac G4 and any PowerBook introduced afterMay 1998.
Apple ignited the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the AppleII and reinvented the personal computer in the 1980s with the Macintosh.Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience tostudents, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the worldthrough its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings.
Press Contacts: Apple UK and Ireland Public Relations Email: [email protected] Phone: +44 (0)20 8218 1440
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A Mach-O System
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OS X is often misunderstood, regarded as a pretty version of FreeBSD, a microkernel, and various other things. In this article, David Chisnall, author of Cocoa Programming Developer's Handbook, looks at what is really at the core of Apple's operating system and where it came from.
From the author of
Cocoa Programming Developer's Handbook
Cocoa Programming Developer's Handbook
I've read lots of claims about Mac OS X. It's a Linux distribution (my personal favorite), it's just FreeBSD with a pretty window manager, it's Mach with a BSD userland, it's just something copied from NeXT. All of these contain some grains of truth, but none of them is really accurate. In this article, I'm going to take a look at exactly what OS X is and try to clear up some of the misconceptions about it.
Part of the confusion comes from the varying terminology used to describe bits of the system. People often talk of Darwin as if it were a kernel, an analog of Linux. In fact, Darwin is closer to being an analog of a member of the BSD family; it's a complete system including a kernel, XNU, and a set of userland applications. On top of this are the various proprietary systems that combine to form OS X.
A Mach-O System
In the '80s, a team at Carnegie Mellon University began working on a next-generation UNIX system. Traditional UNIX systems, like the 4.2BSD system that they were using at the time, had a single process for the kernel. Everything that the kernel is responsible for was part of a single binary, with no protection between the various parts. The goal of Mach was to separate out all of the bits and provide a mechanism for joining them together.
Parallel for mac sierra. A full discussion of this philosophy and its advantages and disadvantages would take up much more space than I have for this article, so I'll simplify things somewhat. The microkernel approach, taken by Mach, was not a great success. Best browser for mac os mojave. In the end, they had a version of the BSD kernel running as a process on top of their microkernel and calling down to Mach instead of executing privileged instructions.
This had some advantages. One was that every user on a powerful system could have his or her own, completely isolated, BSD kernel and userland. Effectively, it was an early form of paravirtualization.
It also had some major disadvantages. The biggest of these was speed. On a modern system, there are some trades between speed and scalability. A modern laptop has two to four cores, and a desktop may have 16. Cheap servers are starting to have huge numbers, just as high-end servers have for a decade or so. Back in the '80s, however, when Mach was created, single-processor machines were the norm. On a modern SMP system, if you split your code up into separate processes, then you get some overhead from their communication and some speed increase from running them in parallel.
Mach just got the slowdown. To make matters worse, it got a lot of this slowdown. In Mach, there was only one form of interprocess communication: message passing. Dashlane for os x el capitan. This is a very clean abstraction, but Mach managed to pick exactly the wrong way of implementing it. Every Mach message send required checking the sending and receiving port access rights and some complex memory mapping operations, which resulted in a Mach message send being much slower than a system call. On Mach-based UNIX systems, a UNIX system call meant sending a message from the userspace process to the BSD process, which may then send more messages to other processes, and then waiting for the reply.
The XNU kernel uses Mach at the core. This is one of the things that everybody knows about OS X, but it's quite misleading. Unlike most other Mach-based operating systems, such as GNU HURD (which, contrary to popular belief, does exist), XNU implements UNIX system calls in the same way as a BSD system. You set some registers and issue a system call instruction (or an interrupt) and have the kernel code called directly from the trap handler. You can see this quite easily in Activity Monitor. The vim process that I am using to write this has, so far, issued 64K UNIX system calls, but only 88 Mach system calls and has sent and received less than 200 Mach messages.
So what does XNU use Mach for? The simplest answer is as an abstraction layer, along the lines of the Windows HAL, but this doesn't tell the entire story. The closest analog in a modern system is the nanokernel in the Symbian microkernel. Mach is responsible for managing the CPU and memory and for providing some basic abstractions to the top of the kernel, such as tasks and threads.
The BSD part of the kernel calls down to the Mach part, but can call these functions directly, not requiring a Mach message. This means that most of the disadvantages of Mach are eliminated. So are Mach messages still used? Wave the mouse over an application while inspecting it and Activity Monitor, and you get an immediate answer: Yes.
Mach messages are used for a lot of things in OS X, not least of which is the delivery of events from the user. Other processes are also free to use Mach-level IPC. This has some advantages—for example, the fact that it's easy to check the other party in Mach communication, which can be useful when implementing things like the Keychain, which rely on the ability to permit communication based on the program making the request.